أولًا المراجع العربية:
- اتفاق باريس. (ب. ت.). الأمم المتحدة. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://www.un.org/ar/climatechange/paris-.agreement. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 10/8/2024.
- استراتيجية المناخ للوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية 2030-2022. (2022). United States Agency for International Development. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/296js9m7. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- أمانة اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ. (2014). دليل القياس والإبلاغ والتحقق للدول النامية الأطراف. ترجمة: فراس عبدالهادي. أمانة اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2d224825. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- إيرادات تسعير الكربون العالمية تحقق مستوى قياسيًا وتصل إلى أكثر من 100 مليار دولار. (2024). البنك الدولي. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/225ysak2. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 15/8/2024.
- البرلمان الأوروبي. (2022). مخطط الاتحاد الأوروبي لتجارة الانبعاثات (ETS) وإصلاحه باختصار. EU Reporter. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/27ejwwuu. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 15/8/2024.
- بروتوكول كيوتو الملحق باتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الإطارية بشأن تغير المناخ. (2005). الأمم المتحدة. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kparabic.pdf. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 10/8/2024.
- بلدان على أعتاب أسواق الكربون. (2022). مجموعة البنك الدولي - البنك الدولي. ومتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/24p5kuqm. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 10/8/2024.
- البيت الأبيض. (2023). مستند وقائع: إدارة بايدن-هاريس تستفيد من القيادة التاريخية للولايات المتحدة في مجال المناخ في الداخل والخارج لحث الدول على تسريع العمل المناخي العالمي في مؤتمر كوب 28. S. Department of State’s. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/24ngjert. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 16/8/2024.
- تقرير الوضـع العاملي لاحتجاز الكـربـون وتخزينه لسنة 2023. (2023). المعهد العاملي لاحتجاز الكربون وتخزينه. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/29qcge8f. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- جنيفر سارا. (2024). تقرير حالة واتجاهات تسعير الكربون لعام 2024: تقدم إيجابي في تسعير الكربون، لكن هناك حاجة إلى المزيد. البنك الدولي. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/24w8vl4w. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 17/8/2024.
- الحدُّ من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. (ب. ت.). الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/27x73397. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 8/8/2024.
- دينا إبراهيم. (2023). خفض انبعاثات الكربون: هل أسواق الكربون هي الحل السحري؟ مركز المعلومات ودعم اتخاذ القرار. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://www.idsc.gov.eg/Article/details/8873. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 8/8/2024.
- الرقابة المالية تدشن أول سوق منظم للكربون الطوعي في مصر بمشاركة 6 وزراء ورئيس البورصة وأطراف السوق – الثلاثاء 13 أغسطس 2024. (2024). الهيئة العامة للرقابة المالية. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2d3ss2n3. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 18/8/2024.
- الرقابة المالية تعلن الانتهاء من المتطلبات التنظيمية لتدشين أول سوق طوعي منظم ومراقب لشهادات خفض الانبعاثات الكربونية الطوعية – الأحد 11 أغسطس 2024. (2024). الهيئة العامة للرقابة المالية. ومتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/28ffzhp2. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- سارة تانكريدي. (2024). يجب أن يتضاعف معدل تخفيض الانبعاثات في كاليفورنيا ثلاث مرات لتحقيق هدف 2030: تقرير. سيجما إيرث. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2axr9khh. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- سفيان أوجيدة، عبد الفتاح العريفي دندي & جمال عيسى اللوغاني. (2023). توجهات الدول الأوروبية نحو استخدام الطاقات المتجددة وتأثيرها المحتملة على أسواق النفط. منظمة الأقطار العربية المصدرة للبترول (أوبيك). الصفحات 104 –
- سوق الكربون. (ب. ت.). الهيئة العامة للرقابة المالية. والمتاح من خلال الرباط التالي: https://fra.gov.eg/vcm/. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- السياسة البيئية والاجتماعية. (2019). البنك الأوروبي لإعادة الإعمار والتنمية. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/29g29jdw. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 10/8/2024.
- قرار رئيس الوزراء رقم (4664) لسنة 2022بشأن تعديل بعض أحكام اللائحة التنفيذية لقانون سوق رأس المال الصادر بقرار وزير الاقتصاد والتجارة رقم 135 لسنة 1993 باعتبار شهادات الكربون أداة مالية. (2022). الهيئة العامة للرقابة المالية. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/25w86j6o. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 18/8/2024.
- قرار رئيس مجلس الوزراء رقم 338 لسنة 1995 بإصدار اللائحة التنفيذية لقانون البيئة الصادر بالقانون رقم 4 لسنة 1994. (1995). الهيئة العامة للاستثمار والمناطق الحرة. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2do72xly. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- القرارات والضوابط التنظيمية لسوق الكربون الطوعي. (ب. ت.). الهيئة العامة للرقابة المالية. والمتاح من خلال الرباط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2y393xrp. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- لإنشاء أول سوق طوعي لتداول شهادات الكربون في مصر. الرقابة المالية توافق على قيد ثلاثة كيانات بقائمة جهات التحقق والمصادقة لمشروعات خفض الانبعاثات الكربونية – الأربعاء 14 فبراير 2024. (2024). هيئة الرقابة المالية. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/257nm9bn. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 18/8/2024.
- ماذا يعني تسعير الكربون؟ (2014). البنك الدولي. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2dl6fra8 . وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 15/8/2024.
- ماري لومي، فاتح يلماز، ثامر الشهري، نيكولاس هوارث. (2021). مؤشر الاقتصاد الدائري للكربون: المنظور المنهجي والإطار المفاهيمي. مركز الملك عبد الله للدراسات والبحوث البترولية (كابسارك). والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://tinyurl.com/2xvxbd76. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 15/8/2024.
- مكتـب خدمات الرقابة الداخلية. (ب. ت.). التفتيش والتقييم. الأمم المتحدة. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://oios.un.org/ar/node/1885. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ: 12/8/2024.
- منظمة الأغذية والزراعة الأمم المتحدة. (2022). حالة الغابات في العامل .2022: المسارات الحرجية لتحقيق التعافي الأخضر وبناء اقتصادات شاملة وقادرة على الصمود ومستدامة. روما. الصفحات: 70 – 978-92-5-136488-8 ISBN:.
- مؤتمر الأمم المتحدة لتغير المناخ لعام 2015 في باريس. (ب. ت.). الأمم المتحدة. والمتاح من خلال الرابط التالي: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ar/cop21/. وتمت زيارته بتاريخ 10/8/2024.
ثانيًا المراجع الأجنبية:
- Aczel M. (2019). Confronting climate change. Science. Vol 366. Is 6462. P 191. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4639.
- An H., Jin X., Zhou Q., Cen B., Zhu T. & Wang Y. (2023). Carbon Market Trading Mechanisms Considering Multi-Layer Reactive Power Compensation. World Electric Vehicle Journal. Vol 14. Is 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080204.
- Andela N. (2024). The role of carbon markets in reducing carbon emissions and strengthening the land sink at scale. EGU General Assembly Vienna. Austria. PP 14 – 19. EGU24-12591. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-12591.
- Antoine D., Daniel N. & Frank V. (2023). The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. Volume 118. ISSN 0095-0696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102758.
- Antonio F. Miguel. (2019). Carbon dioxide emissions and other environmental indicators: contribution to the study of the European situation between 1990 and 2005. International Journal of Global Warming. Vol 2. Is 1. PP 81 - 95.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2010.032196.
- Asadnabizadeh M. & Moe E. (2024). A review of Global Carbon Markets from Kyoto to Paris and beyond: the persistent failure of implementation. Front Environ Sci. Vol 12. 1368105.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1368105.
- Axel M., Matthew,, Matthias P., Malte W. & Sandra D. (2023). International carbon markets for carbon dioxide removal. PLOS climate. Vol 2. Is 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000118.
- Baozhuang Niu, Haotao Xu & Zihao Mu. (2024). To divide or not to divide: Impact of carbon market connections on firms’ resilient profitability and emission reduction. International Journal of Production Economics. Vol 270. ISSN 0925-5273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109167.
- Betz R., Michaelowa A., Castro P., Kotsch R., Mehling M., Michaelowa K. & Baranzini A. (2022). The Carbon Market Challenge: Preventing Abuse Through Effective Governance. Cambridge University Press. PP 48 -60. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009216500.
- Cap-and-trade programme. (N. D.). The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change). It is available via the following link:
https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat. It was visited on: 8/8/2024.
- Chen B. & Wu R. (2023). Legal and Policy Pathways of Carbon Finance: Comparative Analysis of the Carbon Market in the EU and China. Eur Bus Org Law Rev. Vol 24. PP 41 – 68.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40804-022-00259-x.
- Chen B., Yuan K. & Wen X. (2023). The legal governance of the carbon market: challenges and application of private law in China. Carbon Management. Vol 15. Is 1.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2023.2288591.
- David Norse. (2012). Low carbon agriculture: Objectives and policy pathways. Environmental Development. Vol 1. Is 1. PP 25 - 39. ISSN 2211-4645.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2011.12.004.
- DAVID S., MICHAL M., PHILIP ANDREWS-SPEED, ANDERS H., SALLY YUE Q. & EDMUND D. (2022). GUIDE TO CHINESE CLIMATE POLICY 2022. the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies – Oxford. United Kingdom. It is available via the following link: https://tinyurl.com/26x3sa5g. It was visited on: 10/8/2024.
- Dmitry M., Ilman S., Vera C., Victor A., Zafar I. & Valery G. (2022). The prospects of AI and IoT technology development effect on the carbon market regulation. International Scientific-Practical Conference “Agriculture and Food Security: Technology, Innovation, Markets, Human Resources” (FIES 2022). BIO web of conferences. Vol 52. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225200083.
- EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). (N. D.). European Commission. It is available via the following link:
https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en. It was visited on: 8/8/2024.
- French D. (1998). 1997 KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE 1992 UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Journal of Environmental Law. Vol 10. Is 2. PP 227 – 239.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/44248181.
- Gouthami Surapareddy. (2024). ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE. Futuristic Trends in Social Sciences Vol 3 Book 10, IIP Series. Vol 3. PP 128 – 138. e-ISBN: 978-93-5747-857-1.
https://www.doi.org/10.58532/V3BJSO10P2CH8.
- Han W., Wenhao Li, Hongyuan Z. & Baoxiang W. (2024). Carbon Market Simulation with Adaptive Mechanism Design. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-24). Demonstrations Track. PP 8824 - 8828.
https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/1041.
- Huibin D., Bingli L., Marilyn A. B., Guozhu M., Raufdeen R. & Hao C. (2015). Expanding and shifting trends in carbon market research: a quantitative bibliometric study. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol 103. PP 104 – 111. ISSN 0959-6526.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.094.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2197259/v1.
- International Energy Agency. (N. D.). Enhancing China’s ETS for Carbon Neutrality: Introducing Auctioning Lessons from international experience. IEA. Paris. It is available via the following link:https://tinyurl.com/2akdfdys. It was visited on: 10/8/2024.
- James K. B., Michael A. & Brent R. (2023). Environmental Justice and Carbon Pricing: Can They Be Reconciled? Global challenges. Vol 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202200204.
- Jiayang Zhang & Kaijie Chen. (2024). Research on carbon asset trading strategy based on PSO-VMD and deep reinforcement learning. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol 435. 140322. ISSN 0959-6526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140322.
- João B. N. de S., Zafeiris Kokkinogenis & Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti. (2021). Carbon Market Multi-agent Simulation Model. In: Marreiros G., Melo F.S., Lau N., Lopes Cardoso H., Reis L.P. (eds) Progress in Artificial Intelligence. EPIA 2021. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 12981. Springer, pp 661 – 672.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86230-5_52.
- Kaplan R. S., Ramanna K. & Roston M. (2023). Accounting for Carbon Offsets – Establishing the Foundation for Carbon-Trading Markets. Stanford Sustainable Finance Initiative Precourt Institute for Energy. BSG Working Paper No. BSG-WP-2023/051, Harvard Business School Research Paper No. 23-050, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4362921. or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4362921.
- Karthik Gupta. (2024). Carbon Credits and Offsetting: Navigating Legal Frameworks, Innovative Solutions, and Controversies. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research – IJFMR. Vol 6. Is 12. India. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.17370.
- Klimenko V.V., Klimenko A.V. & Tereshin A.G. (2019). From Rio to Paris via Kyoto: How the Efforts to Protect the Global Climate Affect the World Energy Development. Therm. Eng. Vol 66. PP 769 – 778. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040601519110028.
- Konstantin Ordov., M., Kovalenko., Sergiy I. & Kovalenko. (2023). Structure formation and interrelation of individual institutions of carbon units market. E3S web of conferences. International Scientific Conference “Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East” (AFE-2022). Vol 371.
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337106022.
- Kozar ŁJ & Sulich A. (2023). Green Jobs in the Energy Sector. Energies. Vol 16. Is 7. 3171. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073171.
- Li Z.-P., Yang L., Li S.-R. & Yuan X. (2020). The Long-Term Trend Analysis and Scenario Simulation of the Carbon Price Based on the Energy-Economic Regulation. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. Vol 12. Is 5. PP 653 - 668. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-02-2020-0020.
- Lijun J., Xin Z., Xueni W., Xueli C., Xiaofeng X. & Malin Song. (2024). Impact of carbon emission trading system on green technology innovation of energy enterprises in China. Journal of Environmental Management. Vol 360. ISSN 0301 - 4797.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121229.
- Ma Z., Cai S., Ye W. & Gu A. (2019). Linking Emissions Trading Schemes: Economic Valuation of a Joint China–Japan–Korea Carbon Market. Sustainability. Vol 11. Is 19.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195303.
- Martina K. L., Jianlei H., Zheyao P. & Tom S. (2019). How markets will drive the transition to a low carbon economy. Economic Modelling. Vol 77. PP 42 - 54. ISSN 0264-9993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.07.010.
- Meiling W., Xinyu W., Zichen L. & Zhiyuan H. (2024). How can carbon trading promote the green innovation efficiency of manufacturing enterprises? Energy Strategy Reviews. Vol 53. ISSN 2211-467X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101420.
- Melvin T. A. (2023). The role of market operators in scaling up voluntary carbon markets. Capital Markets Law Journal. Vol 18. Is 2. PP 259 – 275, https://doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmad001.
- Michaelowa A., Honegger M., Poralla M., Winkler M., Dalfiume S. & Nayak A. (2023). International carbon markets for carbon dioxide removal. PLOS Clim. Vol 2. Is 5.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000118.
- Narassimhan E., Gallagher K., Koester S., & Alejo J. (2018). Carbon pricing in practice: a review of existing emissions trading systems. Climate Policy. VOl 18. Is 8. PP 967 - 991.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1467827.
- New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme. (N. D.). Ministry for the Environment - New Zealand government. It is available via the following link: https://tinyurl.com/2858jf3g. It was visited on: 17/8/2024.
- NZ ETS Auctions. (N. D.). New Zealand government. It is available via the following link: https://www.etsauctions.govt.nz/. It was visited on: 17/8/2024.
- Oh N., Miteva D. & Lee Y. (2024). Correction: Impact of Korea’s emissions trading scheme on publicly traded firms. PLOS ONE. Vol 19. Is 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306209.
- Oh S. (2023). Regulating Carbon Assets Insider Trading: A US-EU Comparison to Protect Carbon Market Integrity. Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law. Vol 20. Is 3-4. PP 321 - 363. https://doi.org/10.1163/18760104-20030007.
- Paola Villoria-Sáez, Vivian W.Y. Tam, Mercedes del Río Merino, Carmen Viñas Arrebola & Xiangyu Wang. (2016). Effectiveness of greenhouse-gas Emission Trading Schemes implementation: a review on legislations. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol 127. PP 49 - 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.148.
- Pedro Baiz. (2024). Blockchain and Carbon Markets: Standards Overview. Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE) - https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.03865. V 1.
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.03865.
- Peter S., Nko Okina S., Olubunmi A. A. & Scholar C. O. (2024). Strategic implications of carbon pricing on global environmental sustainability and economic development: A conceptual framework. International journal of advanced economics. Vol 6. Is 5. PP 140 – 158. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijae.v6i5.1134.
- promote social awareness. (N. D.). European Commission. It is available via the following link: https://tinyurl.com/26e8b3ce. It was visited on: 8/8/2024.
- Raymond L. (2024). Carbon Trading. In Elgar Encyclopedia of Climate Policy. Cheltenham. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved. PP 327 – 332.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802209204.ch62.
- Ren N., Cai Y., Qin Z. & Zha Y. (2024). Carbon Market Outlook in the Context of Global Carbon Neutrality. In: China International United Petroleum & Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Peking University (eds) Annual Report on China’s Petroleum, Gas and New Energy Industry (2022–2023). Current Chinese Economic Report Series. Springer. Singapore. PP 47 – 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7289-0_3.
- Robert P., Iain M. & Hugh Outhred. (2008). The governance challenge for implementing effective market-based climate policies: A case study of The New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme. Energy Policy. Vol 36. Is 8. PP 3009 – 3018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.010.
- Sharma M., Kaushal R., Kaushik P. & Ramakrishna S. (2021). Carbon Farming: Prospects and Challenges. Sustainability. Vol 13. V 1. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202108.0496.v1.
- Siân M. & Kathryn J. (2022). Economic considerations for the development of a carbon farming scheme. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. doi: 10.19103/as.2022.0106.26.
- Sophie Bertazzo. (2019). What on Earth is ‘REDD+’? Conservation International. It is available via the following link:
https://www.conservation.org/blog/what-on-earth-is-redd. It was visited on: 15/8/2024.
- The Clean Development Mechanism. (N. D.). The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change). It is available via the following link:
https://tinyurl.com/y6bhvcwo. was visited on: 18/8/2024.
- The Paris Agreement. (N. D.). The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change). It is available via the following link:
https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement. It was visited on: 10/8/2024.
- Tumushabe J. T., Turyasingura B. & Chavula P. (2023). The Sustainability of Carbon Markets for Climate-Smart Agriculture among Smallholder Farmers in Uganda. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol 9. Is 4. PP 337 – 345.
https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2023/v9i4263.
- United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). Emissions Gap Report 2023. ISBN: 978-92-807-4098-1.
https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/43922.
- Vasil Gechev. (2020). The Puny Success of the Kyoto Protocol. Social Science Research Network.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3658757. or
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3658757.
- Wags N. D. & Ifeanyi O. E. (2024). Assessing the role of carbon pricing in global climate change mitigation strategies. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews. Vol Is 02. PP 22 – 31 https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0040.
- Weiwei Z. & Bin Xi. (2024). The effect of carbon emission trading on enterprises’ sustainable development performance: A quasi-natural experiment based on carbon emission trading pilot in China. Energy Policy. Vol 185. ISSN 0301-4215.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113960.
- What is the EU ETS? (N. D.). European Commission. It is available via the following link: https://tinyurl.com/2285ctdb. It was visited on: 10/8/2024.
- What is the Kyoto Protocol? (N. D.). The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change). It is available via the following link: https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat. It was visited on: 10/8/2024.
- World Bank. (2023). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing: International Carbon Markets. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/40700. License. CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO.
- World Bank. (2023). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing: International Carbon Markets. © Washington, DC: World Bank. It is available via the following link:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/40700. It was visited on: 18/8/2024.
- Xiaoxuan Zhang, Zheng Zhao, Yu Wang & Su Yang. (2022). Analysis of requirements and key problems of national carbon market construction. In book - Advances in Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development. Taylor & Francis. England - Wales. 1st Edition. P 5. doi: 10.1201/9781003349648-30.
- Wang J. Qiu Y. Tao & J. Zhao. (2020). Carbon-Oriented Operational Planning in Coupled Electricity and Emission Trading Markets. in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. vol. 35. Is 4. PP 3145 - 3157. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2966663.
- Yang X., Jia W., Wang K. & Peng G. (2024). Does the National Carbon Emissions Trading Market Promote Corporate Environmental Protection Investment? Evidence from China. Sustainability. Vol 16. Is 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010402.
- Yao Cheng. (2022). Carbon Derivatives-Directed International Supervision Laws and Regulations and Carbon Market Mechanism. Sustainability. Vol 14. Is 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316157.
- Yiting L., Anikender K., Yin Li & Michael J. K. (2022). Adoption of low-carbon fuels reduces race/ethnicity disparities in air pollution exposure in California. Science of The Total Environment. Vol 834. ISSN 0048-9697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155230.
- Yizhong W., Xiaoxing L. & Chun T. (2024). Carbon Market and corporate financing behavior-From the perspective of constraints and demand. Economic Analysis and Policy. Vol 81. Pages 873 - 889. ISSN 0313-5926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2024.01.006.
- Yong-cong Yang, Pu-yan Nie & Jin-bo H. (2020). The optimal strategies for clean technology to advance green transition. Science of The Total Environment. Vol 716. ISSN 0048-9697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134439.
- Yongrok C., Yu L. & Hyoungseok L. (2017). The economy impacts of Korean ETS with an emphasis on sectoral coverage based on a CGE approach. Energy Policy. Vol 109. PP 835 – 844. ISSN 0301-4215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.039.
- Zhang F., Zhao R., Yang Y. & Zou X. (2023). Carbon Trading in BRICS Countries: Challenges and Recommendations. Journal of Economics and Public Finance. Vol 9. Is 3. PP 127 – 136. https://doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v9n3p127.
- Zhang G., Chen S.C.-I. & Yue X. (2024). Blockchain Technology in Carbon Trading Markets: Impacts, Benefits, and Challenges—A Case Study of the Shanghai Environment and Energy Exchange. Energies. Vol 17. Is 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17133296.
- Zhao Xin-gang, Hu S., Wang H., Chen H., Zhang W. & Lu W. (2024). Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of electricity market-oriented reform and the carbon emissions trading: A recursive dynamic CGE model in China. Energy. Vol 298. ISSN 0360-5442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131416.
- Zheng Y. & Zhang B. (2023). Does china’s national carbon market function well? A perspective on effective market design. Journal of Chinese Governance. Vol 8. Is 4. PP 563 – 592. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2023.2214023.
- Ziying Chen & Jin-Tae Kim. (2024). Study on the Influence of International Economic Law of Carbon Emission Trading on Environmental Sustainable Development. Energies. Vol 17. Is 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061453.
References:
- itifaq paris. (b. ta.). al'umam almutahidatu. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://www.un.org/ar/climatechange/paris-.agreement. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 10/8/2024.
- astiratijiat almunakh lilwakalat al'amrikiat liltanmiat alduwliat 2030-2022. (2022). United States Agency for International Development. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/296js9m7. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- 'amanat aitifaqiat al'umam almutahidat al'iitariat bishan taghayur almunakhi. (2014). dalil alqias wal'iiblagh waltahaquq lilduwal alnaamiat al'atrafi. tarjamatu: firas eabdalhadi. 'amanat aitifaqiat al'umam almutahidat al'iitariat bishan taghayur almunakhi. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2d224825. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- 'iiradat taseir alkarbun alealamiat tuhaqiq mustawaaan qyasyan watasil 'iilaa 'akthar min 100 milyar dulari. (2024). albank alduwli. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/225ysak2. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 15/8/2024.
- albarlaman al'uwrubiy. (2022). mukhatat aliatihad al'uwrubiyi litijarat alianbieathat (ETS) wa'iislahih biakhtisari. EU Reporter. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/27ejwwuu. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 15/8/2024.
- brutukul kiutu almulhaq biatifaqiat al'umam almutahidat al'iitariat bishan taghayur almunakhi. (2005). al'umam almutahidati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kparabic.pdf. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 10/8/2024.
- buldan ealaa 'aetab 'aswaq alkarbun. (2022). majmueat albank aldawlii - albank alduwli. wamutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/24p5kuqm. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 10/8/2024.
- albit al'abyad. (2023). mustanad waqayiea: 'iidarat bayidn-haris tastafid min alqiadat altaarikhiat lilwilayat almutahidat fi majal almunakh fi aldaakhil walkharij lihathi alduwal ealaa tasrie aleamal almunakhii alealamii fi mutamar kub 28. U.S. Department of State's. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/24ngjert. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 16/8/2024.
- taqrir alwade aleamilii liahtijaz alkaribiwn watakhzinih lisanat 2023. (2023). almaehad aleamilii liahtijaz alkarbun watakhzinihi. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/29qcge8f. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- jinifar sara. (2024). taqrir halat watijahat taseir alkarbun lieam 2024: taqadum 'iijabiun fi taseir alkarbuni, lakin hunak hajat 'iilaa almazidi. albank alduwali. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/24w8vl4w. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 17/8/2024.
- alhdu min anbieathat ghazat aldafiyati. (b. ta.). alwakalat aldawliat liltaaqat aldhuriyati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/27x73397. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 8/8/2024.
- dina 'iibrahim. (2023). khafd anbieathat alkarbun: hal 'aswaq alkarbun hi alhalu alsihriu? markaz almaelumat wadaem atikhadh alqarari. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://www.idsc.gov.eg/Article/details/8873. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 8/8/2024.
- alraqabat almaliat tudshin 'awal suq munazam lilkurbun altaweii fi misr bimusharakat 6 wuzara' warayiys albursat wa'atraf alsuwq - althulatha' 13 'aghustus 2024. (2024). alhayyat aleamat lilraqabat almaliati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2d3ss2n3. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 18/8/2024.
- alraqabat almaliat tuelin alaintiha' min almutatalabat altanzimiat litadshin 'awal suq taweiin munazam wamuraqib lishahadat khafd alainbieathat alkarbuniat altaweiat - al'ahad 11 'aghustus 2024. (2024). alhayyat aleamat lilraqabat almaliati. wamutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/28ffzhp2. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- sarat tankridi. (2024). yajib 'an yatadaeaf mueadal takhfid aliainbieathat fi kalifurnia thalath maraat litahqiq hadaf 2030: taqrir. siajma 'iirthi. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2axr9khh. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- safiaan 'uwjydat, eabd alfataah alearifii dandi & jamal eisaa alluwghani. (2023). tawajuhat alduwal al'uwrubiyat nahw aistikhdam altaaqat almutajadidat watathiriha almuhtamalat ealaa 'aswaq alnafti. munazamat al'aqtar alearabiat almusadirat lilbitrul ('uwbik). alsafahat 104 - 118.
- suq alkarbun. (b. ta.). alhayyat aleamat lilraqabat almaliati. walmutah min khilal alribat altaali:
https://fra.gov.eg/vcm/. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- alsiyasat albiyiyat waliajtimaeiati. (2019). albank al'uwrubiyu li'iieadat al'iiemar waltanmiati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/29g29jdw. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 10/8/2024.
- qarar rayiys alwuzara' raqm (4664) lisanat 2022bshan taedil baed 'ahkam allaayihat altanfidhiat liqanun suq ras almal alsaadir biqarar wazir alaiqtisad waltijarat raqm 135 lisanat 1993 biaietibar shahadat alkarbun 'adaatan maliati. (2022). alhayyat aleamat lilraqabat almaliati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/25w86j6o. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 18/8/2024.
- qarar rayiys majlis alwuzara' raqm 338 lisanat 1995 bi'iisdar allaayihat altanfidhiat liqanun albiyat alsaadir bialqanun raqm 4 lisanat 1994. (1995). alhayyat aleamat lilaistithmar walmanatiq alharati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2do72xly. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- alqararat waldawabit altanzimiat lisuq alkarbun altaweii. (b. ta.). alhayyat aleamat lilraqabat almaliati. walmutah min khilal alribat altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2y393xrp. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- l'iinsha' 'awal suq taweiin litadawul shahadat alkarbun fi masr. alraqabat almaliat tuafiq ealaa qayd thalathat kianat biqayimat jihat altahaquq walmusadaqat limashrueat khafd alainbieathat alkarbuniat - al'arbiea' 14 fibrayir 2024. (2024). hayyat alraqabat almaliati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/257nm9bn. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 18/8/2024.
- madha yaeni taseir alkarbun? (2014). albank alduwli. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2dl6fra8 . watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 15/8/2024.
- mari lumi, fatih yilmaz, thamir alshahri, nikulas hawarthi. (2021). muashir aliaqtisad aldaayirii lilkarbun: almanzur almanhajii wal'iitar almafahimi. markaz almalik eabd allah lildirasat walbuhuth albitrulia (kabsarki). walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://tinyurl.com/2xvxbd76. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 15/8/2024.
- miktab khadmat alriqabat aldaakhiliati. (b. ta.). altaftish waltaqyimu. al'umam almutahidatu. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://oios.un.org/ar/node/1885. watamat ziaratuh bitarikhi: 12/8/2024.
- munazamat al'aghdhiat walziraeat al'umam almutahidatu. (2022). halat alghabat fi aleamil .2022: almasarat alharajiat litahqiq altaeafi al'akhdar wabina' aiqtisadat shamilat waqadirat ealaa alsumud wamustadamati. ruma. alsafahati: 70 - 78.978-92-5-136488-8 ISBN:.
- mutamar al'umam almutahidat litaghayur almunakh lieam 2015 fi baris. (b. ta.). al'umam almutahidati. walmutah min khilal alraabit altaali:
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ar/cop21/. watamat ziaratuh bitarikh 10/8/2024.