References
Primary Sources
Law
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Code of Law Practice, Royal Decree No (M/38) October 15, 2001
Law of the Judiciary, Royal Decree No M/78 October 01, 2007
Cases
Blackrock Asset Management Australia Services Ltd v Waked [No 2] [2017] FCA 479 at [46]
Campaign Master (UK) Ltd v Forty-Two International Pty Ltd [No 3] [2009] FCA 1306, at [78]
Da Silva Moore v Publicis Groupe and MSL Group No 11 Civ 1279 (ALC) (AJP) (SDNY, April 24, 2012)
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Binetter [2017] FCA 69
Hyles v City of New York No 10 Civ 3119 (AT)(AJP) (SDNY, August 1, 2016)
Pty Ltd v Luvalot Clothing Pty Ltd [No 2] [2017] FCA 1143 at [20]
Rio Tinto PLC v Vale SA, 2015 WL 872294 (SDNY, March 2, 2015)
Services Ltd v Waked [No 2] [2017] FCA 479 at [46]; Magi Enterprises
Vasiliades v Commissioner of Taxation [No 2] [2017] FCA 185
Treaties, Conventions, and Charters
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as amended by Protocol Nos 11 and 14, supplemented by Protocol Nos 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16, Rome, 4 XI 1950
OECD, Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD Legal Instruments, 2019)
European Commission, Factsheet: Artificial Intelligence for Europe <https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/factsheet-artificial-intelligence-europe>
Secondary Sources
Books
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Gottschalk P, Knowledge Management Information Systems in Law and Enforcement (Hershey, Penn: Idea Group Publishing 2007)
Lodder A and Zeleznikow J, Enhanced Dispute Resolution through the Use of Information Technology (CUP 2012)
Nilsson NJ, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements (CUP 2009)
Reiling DA, Technology for Justice – How Information Technology Can Support Judicial Reform (Leiden University Press 2009)
Russell S and Norvig P, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd edn, Pearson 2014)
Susskind R,
Online Courts and the Future of Justice (OUP 2019)
Journals
Bassiouni E, ‘The Reality of Doubleness in the Saudi Judicial System: A Comparative Study’ [Online] (2017) 3 Qatar University International Review of Law 24
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/irl.2017.24> [Accessed: 02 January 2023]
Beatson J, ‘AI-Supported Adjudicators: Should Artificial Intelligence Have a Role in Tribunal Adjudication?’ (2018) 31(3) Canadian Journal of Administrative Law & Practice 307
Berk RA, ‘Accuracy and Fairness for Juvenile Justice Risk Assessments’ (2019) 16 Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 175
Blair W, Sir, ‘The New Litigation Landscape: International Commercial Courts and Procedural Innovations’ (2019) 2 International Journal of Procedural Law 212
Carneiro D and others, ‘Online Dispute Resolution: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective’ (2014) 41 Artificial Intelligence Review 211
Coglianese C and Lehr D, ‘Regulating by Robot: Administrative Decision Making in the Machine-Learning Era’ (2017) 105 Georgetown Law Journal 1147
Fang X, ‘Recent Development of Internet Courts in China’ (2018) 5(1-2) International Journal on Online Dispute Resolution 49
Fernandez AJ and Masson ME, ‘Online Mediations: Advantages and Pitfalls of New and Evolving Technologies and Why We Should Embrace Them’ (2014) 81 Defense Counsel Journal 395
Greenstein S, ‘Preserving the Rule of Law in the Era of Artificial Intelligence’ (2021) Artificial Intelligence and Law 1
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<https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4166&context=sclr>
Kleinberg J and others, ‘Human Decisions and Machine Predictions’ (2018) 133(1) Quarterly Journal of Economics 237
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Lodder A and Thiessen E, ‘The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute Resolution’ [2003]
<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.97.9137&rep=rep1&type=pdf> [Accessed: 12 January 2023]
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http://ssrn.com/abstract=2533854> [Accessed: 6 January 2023]
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Raymond A and Shackelford S, ‘Technology, Ethics and Access to Justice: Should an Algorithm Be Deciding Your Case?’ (2014) 35 Michigan Journal of International Law 485
Rhode D, ‘Access to Justice: Connecting Principles to Practice’ (2004) 17 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 369
Shackelford SJ and Raymond AH, ‘Building the Virtual Courthouse: Ethical Considerations for Design Implementation, and Regulation in the World of ODR’ (2014) Wisconsin Law Review Kelley School of Business Research Paper No 2014-10
Stern RE and others, ‘Automating Fairness? Artificial Intelligence in the Chinese Court’ (2021) 59 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 515
Zalnieriute M, Moses LB, and Williams G, ‘The Rule of Law and Automation of Government Decision‐Making’ (2019) 82(3) Modern Law Review 425
Thesis
Al-Jaloud A, Rulings on Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Judiciary, (PhD thesis, King Saud University Faculty of Education, Department of Islamic Studies 2022)
Reports
Datatilsynet: Norwegian Data Protection Authority, Artificial intelligence and Privacy (2018)
Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law at the Council of Europe, Technical Study On Online Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (Secretariat, Strasbourg: CDCJ 2018)
Gibbs P, Defendants on Video – Conveyor Belt Justice or a Revolution in Access? (Transform Justice 2017)
Khanna B, Predictive Justice: Using AI for Justice (Centre for Public Policy Research 2021)
Research and Conference Papers
Thompson D, ‘Creating New Pathways to Justice Using Simple Artificial Intelligence and Online Dispute Resolution’ (2015) 1 International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution, Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper No 27/2015
Almuallem SM, ‘A Reformative Legal Vision for the Kingdom: The Adoption of Rules of Discovery in the Civil Procedural System of Saudi Arabia: Considering the Example of the United States Discovery Regime’ [Published doctoral dissertation] (University of Pittsburgh 2021)
El Hamrawy H, 'The Basis of Civil Responsibility for Robots between the Traditional Rules and the Modern Trend’ (Department of Private Law Sharia, Al Azhar University 2021)
Nowotko PM, ‘AI in Judicial Application of Law and the Right to a Court’ (Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Szczecin, Poland 2021)
Bathurst T, CJ, ‘ADR, ODR and AI-DR, or Do We Even Need Courts Anymore? [Speech] (Supreme Court of New South Wales, 20 September 2018)
Beazley M, ‘Law in the Age of the Algorithm’ [Speech] (New South Wales Young Lawyers, 21 September 2017), 9-10
McDougall R, ‘The Uses and Abuses of Technology in the Courtroom’ [Keynote address] (Society of Construction Law, Australia Conference of 2013, 2 August 2013)
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
Beioley K, ‘Robots and AI Threaten to Mediate Disputes Better than Lawyers’ (Financial Times, 2019), 13 April
Kugler L, ‘AI Judges and Juries’ [Online] (2018) (Communications of the ACM, 2018), Vol 61, issue 12
<https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2018/12/232890-ai-judges-and-juries/abstract>
Quinn J, Frias-Martinez V, and Subramanian L, ‘Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World’ (2014) (
AI Magazine, 2014), Vol 35, issue 3
Websites and Online Articles
Angwin J and others, ‘Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased against Blacks’ [Online] (ProPublica, 2016), 23 May
<https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing>
Jung J and others, ‘Simple Rules for Complex Decisions’ [Online] (
Cornell University, 2017) <arXiv:1702.04690>
Salter S, ‘What is the Solution Explorer?’ [Online] (Bar Talk, 2018). <https://www.cbabc.org/BarTalk/Articles/2018/April/Features/What-is-the-Solution-Explorer> [Accessed: 20 January 2023]
Samuel A, ‘Artificial Intelligence Will Change E-Discovery in the Next Three Years’ [Online] (Law and Technology Today, 2019), 23 April <https://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2019/04/artificial-intelligence-will-change-e-discovery-in-the-next-three-years/>
Saudi Ministry of Justice, ‘MOJ’s Initiatives’ [Online]
<https://www.moj.gov.sa/English/Ministry/vision2030/Pages/Initiative.aspx>
Saudi Press Agency, [Online], 16 August 2021
Susskind R, ‘The Future of Courts’ [Online] (Center on the Legal Profession, Harvard Law School, July-August 2020), 6:5 Remote Courts
Taylor D and Osafo N, ‘Artificial Intelligence in the Courtroom’ [Online] (Law Society Gazette, 2018), 9 April
Webb J and others, ‘The Effective and Ethical Development of Artificial Intelligence: An Opportunity to Improve Our Wellbeing’ (ACOLA, July 2019)
Wolters Kluwer, ‘Impact of e-Justice on Law Firms: Firms - Are You Ready for the Future?’ [Online] (2018)
<https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en-gb/expert-insights/impact-of-e-justice-on-law-firms> [Accessed: 17 June 2023]
Interviews
Saudi Al-Ekhbariya Channel, Interview with Engineer Fahd Al-Shuraim, General Supervisor of the Digital Judicial Portfolio at the Saudi Ministry of Justice (26 November 2022, 19:25 MEST)
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