رقابة الدستورية في النظامين الفرنسي والأمريكي دراسة مقارنة Constitutional Oversight in the French and American Systems A Comparative Study

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

جامعة تبوك كلية الشريعة والأنظمة

المستخلص

    يتناول البحث تحليلاً مقارناً لنظامي الرقابة الدستورية في فرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية من خلال مناقشة أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين كلا النظامين، ويقدم البحث استكشافًا لآليات الرقابة الدستورية في فرنسا، من خلال استعراض التطور التاريخي للدستور الفرنسي، والخصائص المميزة له، ومناقشة دور المجلس الدستوري في الرقابة الدستورية، وتحليل آلية تشكيله، وإجراءات تعيين أعضائه، وصلاحيات المجلس، ووظائفه، وأنواع الرقابة الدستورية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على الدور الرقابي للمجلس الدستوري في فرنسا. ومن ثم يتناول البحث آليات الرقابة الدستورية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ويعرض للتطور التاريخي لدستور الولايات المتحدة، ويبرز سماته الأساسية، ويناقش دور المحكمة العليا في الرقابة الدستورية، وتحليل تكوين المحكمة، وإجراءات تعيين أعضائها، وصلاحياتها، ووظائفها. واستكشاف الأشكال المختلفة لرقابة الدستورية في الولايات المتحدة. ويتبع ذلك تحليل فقهي مقارن للسمات المشتركة، والخصائص المميزة ، ونقاط القوة والضعف، في كلا النظامين، وتحليل أثار قرارات رقابة الدستورية على الجانبين المجتمعي، والسياسي، في كلا البلدين. وفي النهاية يعرض البحث تقييمًا شاملاً لرقابة الدستورية مصحوبًا بنتائج ومقترحات لتعزيز نظامي الرقابة.
Abstract:
The research examines a comparative analysis of the constitutional supervision systems in France and the United States by discussing the similarities and differences between both systems. The research provides an exploration of the mechanisms of constitutional supervision in France, through a review of the historical development of the French Constitution and its distinctive characteristics. It also discusses the role of the Constitutional Council in constitutional supervision, analyzing its formation, the procedures for appointing its members, the powers of the Council, its functions, and the types of constitutional supervision, with a particular focus on the supervisory role of the Constitutional Council in France.
The research then addresses the mechanisms of constitutional supervision in the United States, presenting the historical evolution of the United States Constitution and highlighting its fundamental features. It discusses the role of the Supreme Court in constitutional supervision, analyzing its composition, the procedures for appointing its members, their powers, and functions. It explores the different forms of constitutional supervision in the United States.
Following that, a comparative jurisprudential analysis is conducted to identify common features, distinctive characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses in both systems. The research analyzes the effects of constitutional supervision decisions on the social and political aspects in both countries. Finally, the research presents a comprehensive evaluation of constitutional supervision, accompanied by results and proposals to enhance the systems of supervision, as a comparative study.

الكلمات الرئيسية


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